Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol (2000) 126:299303
What the Evidence Actually Supports Its worth being precise about the state of evidence, because the gap between preclinical research and proven human clinical outcomes is significant in this area: Strong preclinical evidence: Hundreds of cell culture and animal studies demonstrate GHK-Cus biological activity across multiple pathways Moderate clinical evidence for topical applications: Several controlled human trials support skin benefits of topical GHK-Cu formulations Limited human evidence for systemic effects: The more dramatic claims tissue regeneration, gene expression reset, anti-aging effects throughout the body are largely supported by in vitro and animal data without the controlled human trials required to confirm efficacy and safety The scientific communitys interest in GHK-Cu is well-founded
This includes upregulating genes responsible for critical processes such as collagen and elastin synthesis, angiogenesis, and antioxidant production
Lancet 359:20532058 Belch J, Hiatt WR, Baumgartner I, Driver IV, Nikol S, Norgren L, Van Belle E, Committees T, Investigators (2011) Effect of fibroblast growth factor NV1FGF on amputation and death: a randomised placebo-controlled trial of gene therapy in critical limb ischaemia
Tonolini and Magistrelli, 2017) as a common healing denominator providing simultaneous healing of different tissues
Blood pressure and metabolic changes during dietary l-arginine supplementation in humans